Applications

Real Life Test Examples

Common Mode Chokes

Overview of Common Mode Chokes

Common-mode chokes are useful for prevention of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from power supply lines

They pass differential currents (equal but opposite), while blocking common-mode currents, and can pass high DC currents without affecting their noise blocking performance.

The simplest form of common mode choke has two coils wound on a single core.
The choke is placed in the transmission line, so that the current flows through one winding then back through the other.

If a differential mode current is present, then the two coils create equal and opposite magnetic fields which cancel then each other out.
The choke thus presents zero impedance to any differential mode signal, which passes through the choke without any attenuation.

In contrast, a common mode signal flows in the same direction on both lines, creating magnetic files that are in phase and do not cancel.
This will then present high impedance and hence attenuate any common mode signal.

The actual attenuation (or common mode rejection) depends on the relative magnitudes of the choke impedance and the load impedance.

A good example of a classic design of common mode choke is the EPCOS series B82731, of which we will be discussing the Epcos B82731M2351A030.

Suggested testing for CM Chokes

CM choke - AT Editor Schematic

The four-pin transformer is easily represented using the AT Editor software using two windings.

AT Fixturing for CM Choke

The conventional THP pin footprint makes the part suitable for a Kelvin-pin fixture, which will allow us to compensate out the contact resistances inherent in any fixturing before measurement and give excellent part swap over times of the order of seconds.

AT Test Program for CM Choke

View a PDF of the completed test program here
or download the actual ATP test program here
(can be opened with free AT Series Editor software, see DOWNLOADS here)

The test program first checks DC resistance on each winding, and then that the turns ratio is 1:1 within 2%

This is followed by two inductance tests; First he standard series inductance on one winding is checked to be within the spec, and then leakage inductance (a measurement of how well the windings are coupled), which in the case of a common mode choke must be kept to a minimum)

Finally the line-to-line stand off voltage is confirmed by means of a AC Hipot test at 1500V.

#	Test	Description	Pins and Conditions	Reason
1	R	DC resistance	pin 1-4, limits <4.5 Ohms +- 10% as per spec	To check the winding resistance is below a maximum. Also acts as a check of correct wire gauge and good termination.
2	R	DC resistance	pin 2-3, limits <4.5 Ohms +- 10% as per spec	To check the winding resistance is below a maximum. Also acts as a check of correct wire gauge and good termination.
3	TR	Turns Ratio	Energize pins 1-4, 500mv 10khz, check Turns ratio (1-4:2-3) to be 1:1 -+ 2%	To check correct ratio of windings
4	LS	Series Inductance	Pin 2-pin 3, 100uA, 10 Khz, nominal 100mH + 50% / -30% (as per published spec)	To check the correct number of turns and correct operation of the core material
5	LL	Leakage Inductance	Pins -4 Hi, Pins 2-3 Low, 5mA, 10kHz , check below 1.05mH	To check leakage inductance is below specified limit.
6	HPAC	AC Hi-Pot	1kV AC, 1 second, Pins 1&4 High, Pins 2,3 Lo	To check isolation as per datasheet.
				AT5600 Run time 2.72 sec
				(AT3600 Run time 5.21 sec)

NOTE; the data sheet also specifies curves for Impedance (Z) response over frequency.
This is not usually tested in a production environment as it is embodied in the design choice of cores and windings.
If you wish, the AT’s “Z” test could be used here periodically, by using the AUDIT function to occasionally validate this performance on 1 in 100 transformers.