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The Voltech Handbook of Transformer Testing

Description
This article covers a wide range of transformer theory and Voltech's testing capability.
The Voltech Handbook of Transformer Testing
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Expand 1 Transformer Basics1 Transformer Basics
Collapse 2 Available Tests2 Available Tests
2.1 CTY - Continuity
2.2 R - Winding Resistance
2.3 RLS or RLP - Equivalent Series or Parallel R
2.4 LS_LP - Primary Inductance
2.5 LSB_LPB - Inductance With Bias Current
2.6 QL - Q factor
2.7 D - Dissipation Factor
2.8 LL - Leakage Inductance
2.9 C - Inter-winding Capacitance
2.10 TR - Turns Ratio and Phasing
2.11 TRL - Turns Ratio by Inductance
2.12 Z_ZB - Impedance_Impedance with Bias
2.13 R2 - DC Resistance Match
2.14 L2 - Inductance Match
2.15 C2 - Capacitance Match
2.16 GBAL - General Longitudinal Balance
2.17 LBAL - Longitudinal Balance
2.18 ILOS - Insertion Loss
2.19 RESP - Frequency Response
2.20 RLOS - Return Loss
2.21 ANGL - Impedance Phase Angle
2.22 PHAS - Inter-winding Phase Test
2.23 TRIM - Trimming Adjustment
2.24 OUT - Output To User Port
2.25 IR - Insulation Resistance
2.26 HPDC - DC HI-POT
2.27 HPAC - AC HI-POT
2.28 SURG - Surge Stress Test
2.29 STRW - Stress Watts
2.30 MAGI - Magnetizing Current
2.31 VOC - Open Circuit Voltage
2.32 WATX - Wattage (External Source)
2.33 STRX - Stress Watts (External Source)
2.34 MAGX - Magnetizing Current (Ext. Source)
2.35 VOCX - O.C. Voltage (External Source)
2.36 LVOC - Low Voltage Open Circuit
2.37 ILK - Leakage Current
2.38 LSBX - Inductance with External Bias (Series)
2.39 LPBX - Inductance with External Bias (Parallel)
2.40 ZBX - Impedance with External Bias
2.41 ACRT - AC HI-POT Ramp
2.42 DCAT - DC HI-POT Ramp
2.43 ACVB - AC Voltage Break Down
2.44 DCVB - DC Voltage Break Down
2.45 WATT - Wattage
2.0 Available Tests On The AT Series
Expand 3 Examples of Different Transformer Types3 Examples of Different Transformer Types

2.2 R - Winding Resistance

R1, R2, and R3 represent the resistance of the copper wire used to wind the transformer.
When current flows in the windings the resistance causes losses in the windings (I2R losses), and generates heat.
In addition the winding resistances cause a voltage drop in the windings when current flows, causing the output voltage to fall with increasing load. (This effect is known as 'Regulation').

Where Used

The measurement of the resistance of all windings should generally be the first group of tests carried out for any type of transformer.
It checks that the wire is of the correct diameter, and has not been over-tensioned during winding.
The measurement also confirms that the connections between the test fixture and the transformer have been made properly.
This is particularly important when Kelvin connections are required, perhaps for a test to follow, as a resistance measurement will confirm that both the power lead and sense lead are making good electrical contact. To check that the resistance of a winding is correct, the tester applies a constant current (dc) to the selected winding.
Both the current through and the voltage across the winding are measured; dividing the voltage by the current gives the value of the resistance.

Specifying the Test Limits

Maximum Value - Specify limit as tightly as possible to ensure that correct wire has been used.

Minimum Value -Not usually so critical - can be set to any value that ensures that there is no solder splash causing a short circuit between pins


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